HP 15C: Difference between revisions

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== Repair & Modification ==
== Repair & Modification ==
Later models of HP-15C, powered by a 1LM2-0001 processor derives its clock signal from a parallel LC oscillator. Roughly around 1986 this circuit changed from throughole components mounted on the screen side of the PCB to using SMD components on the backside of the PCB. This allowed easy modification as only four rubber pads and four screws are required for access to it. As delivered, this circuit is composed of a 180uH inductor and 180pF capacitor. Since the oscillating frequency of a LC circuit is determined by f = 1/[2 x pi x sqrt( L x C )], swapping in a smaller capacitor or inductor will expectantly increase the clock frequency of the HP-15C, achieving an overlock. This procedure is also applicable to similarly constructed Voyagers. A caveat, however, is a 12-20pF (value of 15pF has also been reported) parasitic capacitance has been reported as a result of the circuit design, with the larger value likely a result of manual soldering of SMD components. This, as well as component variability, should both be factored into when considering such a modification.
Later models of HP-15C, powered by a 1LM2-0001 processor derives its clock signal from a parallel LC oscillator. Roughly around 1986 this circuit changed from throughole components mounted on the screen side of the PCB to using SMD components on the backside of the PCB. This allowed easy modification as only four rubber pads and four screws are required for access to it. For machines made in the transition period with provisions for both SMD and throughole construction, it is possible to cut the traces leading to the original capacitor or inductor, and solder new ones in place on the SMD pads. This mod is also applicable to the earlier machines as success has been reported on 1LF5 machines, which the screen and ICs are mounted on a separate PCB which is connected to the keyboard through a flexible link, although the exact procedure is not know.


The quality factor of a series RLC circuit is Q = 1 / R x sqrt( L / C ), and ideally, care should be taken to maintain a similar (if not larger) L:C ratio for modifications. A high quality factor indicates a less damped oscillator that dissipates less energy per cycle and oscillates more consistently around its central frequency.
As delivered, this circuit is composed of a 180uH inductor and 180pF capacitor. Since the oscillating frequency of a LC circuit is determined by f = 1/[2 x pi x sqrt( L x C )], swapping in a smaller capacitor or inductor will expectantly increase the clock frequency of the HP-15C, achieving an overlock. This procedure is also applicable to similarly constructed Voyagers. A caveat, however, is a 12-20pF (value of 15pF has also been reported) parasitic capacitance has been reported as a result of the circuit design, with the larger value likely a result of manual soldering of SMD components. This, as well as component variability, especially for small capacitor and inductors sourced through internet, should both be factored into when considering such a modification.
 
The quality factor of a series RLC circuit is Q = 1 / R x sqrt( L / C ), and ideally, care should be taken to maintain a similar (if not larger) L:C ratio for modifications. The resistance of inductors tends to be smaller given smaller inductance, due to the shorter coil length, all things being equal. A high quality factor indicates a less damped oscillator that dissipates less energy per cycle and oscillates more consistently around its central frequency.  


Some modifications have been reported in literature, and we report some of the known speedups achieved:
Some modifications have been reported in literature, and we report some of the known speedups achieved:


[https://www.hpmuseum.org/cgi-sys/cgiwrap/hpmuseum/archv016.cgi?read=99306 Gerson W. Barbosa] reported, in Septermber of 2006, of:
[https://www.hpmuseum.org/cgi-sys/cgiwrap/hpmuseum/archv016.cgi?read=99306 Gerson W. Barbosa] reported, in Septermber of 2006, on an earlier machine with throughole front mounted machine where the traces to the original capacitor was cut and new ones mounted. He reported a 12pF parasitic capcaitance, and reported speedup by timing execution of the self test (ON+X):
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+Gerson W. Barbosa's Reported Speed Gains
!CPU
!Modification
!Modification
!L
!L
!C
!Part Used C
!f
!f / f0
!
|-
|-
| rowspan="8" |1LM2
| rowspan="8" |Replacement  
| rowspan="8" |Replacement  
of capacitor
of capacitor
Line 67: Line 70:
|100pF
|100pF
|1.27
|1.27
|
|-
|-
|82pF
|82pF
|1.38
|1.38
|
|-
|-
|50pF
|50pF
|1.7
|1.7
|
|-
|-
|47pF
|47pF
|1.75
|1.75
|
|-
|-
|39pF
|39pF
|1.88
|1.88
|
|-
|-
|33pF
|33pF
|2.00
|2.00
|
|-
|-
|27pF
|27pF
|2.15
|2.15
|
|-
|-
|22pF
|22pF
|2.30
|2.30
|
|}
|}
[http://www.brouhaha.com/~eric/hpcalc/voyager/speedup.html Ken Sumrall] reported, in around 1990, of attaching an additional inductor in parallel with the original. The reported speedup is determined by timing the execution of the self test (ON+X):
{| class="wikitable"
|+Ken Sumrall (brouhaha.com) Reported Gains on 1LM2
!CPU
!Modification
!Part Used
!L
!C
!f / f0
|-
| rowspan="10" |1LM2
| rowspan="10" |Addition of
parallel inductor
|180uH
|90uH
| rowspan="10" |180pF
|1.45
|-
|100uH
|64uH
|1.75
|-
|82uH
|56uH
|2.0
|-
|47uH
|37uH
|2.43
|-
|33uH
|28uH
|2.75
|-
|28uH
|24uH
|3.05
|-
|22uH
|20uH
|3.3
|-
|15uH
|14uH
|4.0
|-
|10uH
|9.5uH
|4.8
|-
|8.2uH
|7.8uH
|5.3
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Ken Sumrall (brouhaha.com) Reported Gains on 1LF5
!CPU
!Modification
!Part Used
!L
!C
!f / f0
|-
| rowspan="4" |1LF5
| rowspan="4" |Addition of
parallel inductor
|82uH
|56uH
| rowspan="4" |180pF
|1.8
|-
|47uH
|37uH
|2.2
|-
|33uH
|28uH
|2.5
|-
|12uH
|11uH
|4.0
|}
[https://www.hpmuseum.org/cgi-sys/cgiwrap/hpmuseum/archv015.cgi?read=78272 Karl Schneider] followed the above method for a HP-11C with 1LF5 and reported ~2.5x for 33uH.
[http://www.finetune.co.jp/~lyuka/interests/calc/hp15c/ Takayuki Hosoda] (Lyuka) reported in October of 2009, conducted comprehensive measurement and modification on 1LM2 machines and replaced both the inductor and capacitor. The speedup factor is derived by runtime required to solve the nqueen problem. The baseline performance is a time of [https://www.hpmuseum.org/cgi-sys/cgiwrap/hpmuseum/articles.cgi 79:10].
{| class="wikitable"
|+Lyuka's Reported Gains on 1LM2
!CPU
!Modification
!Part Used L
!Part Used C
!f / f0
!note
|-
| rowspan="4" |1LM2
| rowspan="4" |Replacement of both
inductor and capacitor
| rowspan="4" |47uH
|68pF
|3.156
|25:5
|-
|47pF
|3.405
|23:15
|-
|33pF
|3.862
|20:30
|-
|27pF
|4.077
|19:25
|}
In addition, an bypass capacitor between 1 and 10uF, preferably the MLCC type is recomended to be added near the LC to the powerline for stable operation. The main bypassing capacitor is also recommended to be replaced with a 100uF capacitor for longer memory retention time during battery swap, and a protection diode of the BAT43 type across the battery terminal.
In September of 2022, [[User:Phoenix|Phoenix]] followed Lyuka's recommendations and derived an larger 20pF parasitic capacitance. The performance gain was measured using a pocket scope:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Phoenix's Reported Gains
!CPU
!Modification
!Part Used
!L
!C
!f / f0
!note
|-
| rowspan="2" |1LM2
(855kHz)
SMD
|Replacement of both
inductor and capacitor
|47uH
68pF
|47uH
|68pF
|2.959
|2.53MHz
|-
|Replacement of inductor
|47uH
|47uH
|180pF
|1.942
|1.66MHz
|-
| rowspan="2" |1LM2
(831kHz)
through-
hole
| rowspan="2" |Addition of inductor
|27uH
|23uH
| rowspan="2" |180pF
|2.852
|2.37MHz
|-
|47uH
|37uH
|2.292
|1.90-1.91 MHz
|}
<references />
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